Prevention of recurrent variceal bleeding.

Patients surviving a first episode of variceal bleeding have a risk of over 60% of experiencing recurrent haemorrhages within 1 year from the index episode. Because of this, all patients surviving a variceal bleeding should receive active treatments for the prevention of rebleeding. beta-Blockers+/-isosorbide-5-mononitrate and band ligation are effective in preventing recurrent bleeding and both can be used. Combination of beta-blockers+/-isosorbide-5-mononitrate and band ligation may be the best treatment to prevent rebleeding but more studies are needed to confirm this issue. In patients with recurrent variceal bleeding despite appropriate medical and endoscopic treatment, transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt is highly effective in controlling bleeding. The efficacy is not significantly different from that of shunt surgery (distal splenorenal shunt or 8mm H-graft shunt), especially since the introduction of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stents. Therefore, in this situation, transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt using polytetrafluoroethylene stents should be the treatment of choice.